Power distance is another key facet of face negotiation theory and is defined as the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally (Hofstede, 1991, p. 28). Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1978). 2023 Inquiries Journal/Student Pulse LLC. The effects of face concerns, self-construal, and apology on forgiveness, reconciliation and revenge in the United States and China. They describe facework on three levels of communication: cultural, individual, and situational. Oetzel, J., Ting-Toomey, S., Yokochi, Y., Masumoto, T., & Takai, J., (2000). Americans. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 316-322. ", "Self-construals had strong effects on face concerns and facework with independence positively associated with self-face and dominating facework and interdependence positively associated with other- and mutual-face and integrating and avoiding facework behaviors. A questionnaire was administered to 768 participants in 4 national cultures (China, Germany, Japan, and the United States) asking them to describe interpersonal conflict. [26] To be mindful of intercultural facework differences, we have to learn to see the unfamiliar behavior from a fresh context. Home | Current Issue | Blog | Archives | ), The challenge of facework: Cross-cultural and interpersonal issues (pp. Acceptance and approval: There is a fear of criticism and rejection by others. This is important for two reasons. I hope this merits a positive response. American Journal of Sociology, 62 (3), 264-271. The term facework refers to the communication strategies that people use to establish, sustain, or restore a preferred social identity during an interaction with others. Face and facework. A Bicultural Perspective - Jun 15 2021 According to Oetzel et al (2001) there are four main tenets of face negotiation theory: (1) people in all cultures try to maintain and negotiate face in all situations involving communication; (2) "face" is especially problematic in uncertain situations, including ones involving conflict; (3) cultural, individual-level and situation variables influence cultural members selection of face concerns over others and (4) this combination of variables will influence the use of various conflict and facework strategies in interpersonal and intergroup encounters (pp. To begin negotiation, negotiator should start to absorb the reaction of the party and then try to brainstorm with the prepared checklist of concern to find the interest areas of the party to initialize the role to attain the goal. A Chinese perspective on face as inter-relational concern. Monterey CA: Brooks/Cole. The individual will choose a style of handling conflict based on the importance of saving their face and that of the face of the other. Cavanagh, K., Dobash, R.E., Dobash, R.P., & Lewis, R. (2001). Tracy, K., & Baratz, S. (1994). A. Anderson (Ed. Knapp, M. L., & Daly, J. 
Based on Grounded Theory and interviews from 53 companies, which consist of responses from 56 domestic and international founders, entrepreneurs, American Journal of Sociology, 70, 1-15. Interdependent self-construal is associated with compromising/integrating. Face theory: Goffman's dramatistic approach to interpersonal communication. Personal Relationships,18, 7995. This study, implemented by the author of this theory Stella Ting-Toomey, John Oetzel, Martha Idalia Chew-Sanchez, Richard Harris, Richard Wilcox, and Siegfried Stumpf, observed how facework in conflict with parents and siblings is affected by culture, self-concept, and power distance. Generally there are two aspects in which the conflict styles are classified. Social embarrassment: An analysis of the process. Along this line of thinking, the research recommended physician communication training to address both unique language considerations and different orientations to face concern and self-construal. These include the guilt that they do not spend enough time with their children, insecurities and values they have are not being in met, and their self-esteem is low because of the fear of judgment. Managing social predicaments created by others: A comparison of Japanese and American facework. In fact, researchers Brown and Levinson posit that face is something that "is emotionally invested, and can be lost, maintained, or enhanced, and must be constantly attended to in interaction". William, B.G., Yuko, M., Stella, T., Tsukasa, N., Kwangsu, K., & Sam, H.(1996) The influence of cultural individualism-collectivism, self-construals, and individual values on communication styles across cultures. Keller, L. and Richey, K. (2006). The first two tenets are similar to Goffman's research because they were the main reasons why he devised the concepts of "face" and "facework." Course Modules. In many ways, face negotiation theory is reminiscent of Goffman's research because, after all, his concept of face originated from the Chinese view (Oetzel et al, 2001, p. 237). Individualism and collectivism. Cross-cultural team building: Guidelines for more effective communication and negotiation (pp. [8][9] Brown and Levinson further suggested that face can refer to two wants of the individual- the positive face that necessitates approval by others and the negative face that requires that one's actions or thoughts are unimpeded by others. 
Stella Ting-Toomey developed Face Negotiation Theory to explain cultural differences in communication and conflict resolution. Self face is the concern for one's own image, while other face is the concern for someone else's image (Ting-Toomey & Kurogi, 1998, p. 199). As a result, while face negotiation theory to begin cross-cultural research from scratch, it will undoubtedly be pioneering research because it will advance global conflict resolution. The newsletter highlights recent selections from the journal and useful tips from our blog. Oetzel et al (2000) are quick to differentiate conflict style from facework because, not only can conflict management resolve face concerns, but it can also resolve face behaviors (p. 399). WebThe Face Negotiation Theory helps explain the reasoning and purpose behind how and why conflicts are handled the way they are. For the sociological concept, see, Face and facework in conflicts with parents and siblings, Physician communication in the operating room, Face Concerns and the Intent to Apologize, Face Concerns, self-construal and Forgiveness, Ting-Toomey, Oetzel, Chew-Sanchez, Harris, Wilcox, &Stumpf, 2003, "Face Management Theory: Modern Conceptualizations and Future Directions", 
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