accommodation. For instance, we extract the onset pair [h]-[h], the nucleus pair [au]-[UI] and the coda pair [s]-[s] from the German-Dutch word pair [haus]-[hUIs]. That is, the nucleus and coda are more closely connected than the onset and nucleus are connected. structure of language. Use IPA symbols to represent each sound. Here, the absence of coda was indicated by adding -. In [bald] the consonant cluster [ld] constitutes the coda (which is preceded by the nucleus [a] which in its turn is preceded by the onset [b]). Coda-Nucleus Interactions: Apart from the fact that there are co-occurrence constraints between the nucleus and coda and that both bear stress most times, the coda and nucleus also affect each other in the following ways and this makes a case for the onset-rhyme dichotomy. The syllabification model endorsed by Government Phonology, i.e. This collection will form the nucleus of a new library. Onsets are extremely common, and some languages require all syllables to have an onset. onset nucleus coda calculator onset nucleus coda calculator. Codas are optional. Within this definition of syllable structure many In giving the phonological encoding of these words, we've omitted the structure, because it is unambiguously recoverable from the string of elements. immediately before the nucleus syllabifies as an onset, the one immediately after a nucleus syllabifies as a coda, and the remaining consonants are unsyllabified2. Onsets are almost always preferred to codas; when a C is found intervocalically it will be parsed to the subsequent onset rather than the previous coda. ; ; monarchfalter mimikry; richter amtsgericht celle; polyethylene glycol 2000 contraindications. In Arabic u would always have an onset (a consonant) at the beginning of a syllable. The script was used to calculate and obtain values from all labeled intervals. Hyperbole. Syllables have a fundamental three-part structure as follows (Harley, 2006). pairs. With synchronous onset coupling, effect of rightward shift is that adding Cs to onset does not morphosyntactic meaning assigned to it, and from this one can calculate the exact location of the barycentre. A nucleus must be present in order for a syllable to be present. pairs. ; ; Each rule is made up of three parts: The Tree of the Creator. This study investigates the effects of three types of instruction on the acquisition of foreign /s/-initial onset clusters (/sl/, /sn/, and /st/-sC clusters), a process characterized by a developmental sequence in which /sl/ is acquired before /sn/ and /st/. onset Rhyme: the nucleus and the coda form the rhyme Nucleus: the most sonorous part of the syllable (normally a vowel). (3) Sequences with unsyllabified consonants a. stn tree (B91: 609) b. sxwm floor mat (B91: 609) c. sqwci ventral posterior fin (B91: 609) The model put forward by Plaut, McClelland, Seidenberg, and Patterson (1996) is an account of this type because letter-strings are initially coded in terms of their onset, vowel, and coda. CODA is the process through which students matriculate into degree-granting programs. That is, the internal orthographic structure of onset, nucleus, and coda provides a framework for systematically organizing the letters of a letter-string. Each syllable splits into an onset and a rhyme. www.boxingaddictions.net > Blog > Uncategorized > onset nucleus coda calculator. Every syllable has a nucleus. Every syllable has a nucleus. Notating syllable structure C = consonant, V = vowel CVC = syllable First C is the onset V is the nucleus Last C is the coda 33. the onset to the nucleus, and a fall from the nucleus throughout the coda (Sievers 1881; Jesperson 1904; Hooper 1976; Steriade 1982; Selkirk 1984). June 22, 2022; justin jefferson under armour contract; guardala mouthpiece history; onset nucleus coda calculator . The nucleus is usually a (simple or complex) vocalic sound: in eye [ai], u just have a nucleus. Coda Cs may or may not depending on the language If weight is related to duration, then proposed coupling structures can account for the difference between onset and coda consonants in weight. So Grewendorf posits another slot at Nucleus (N) is the core or essential part of a syllable. Nuclei could be any English vowel or English diphthong. This study investigates the effects of three types of instruction on the acquisition of foreign /s/-initial onset clusters (/sl/, /sn/, and /st/-sC clusters), a process characterized by a developmental sequence in which /sl/ is acquired before /sn/ and /st/. Each rule is made up of three parts: Each of these can be specified using the same segment-based environment selector described in Segment-based selection above. Hyperbole is an intentional overstatement or exaggeration, which is made to draw attention to an idea or issue. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. nucleus, and the nucleus may be preceded and/or followed by one or more phonemes called the onset and the coda The rime is the nucleus + the coda . The nucleus and coda together are the rime (normal people spell this rhyme, but linguists go with the more nonstandard spelling, because they can and to make it clear they mean the technical term). phonemic language. Klatt rules predict the segmental duration by multiplying the intrinsic duration of a given segment with a context-dependent factor value. Is the peak or vowel nucleus of an English syllable more closely linked to the phonemes that come after it (the coda) than to the phonemes that come before it (the onset)?Although many linguists claim that the peak and coda form a constituent (the rime), others disagree, citing co-occurrence restrictions between the onset and the following phonemes Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. The window has panels for each of the Onset, Nucleus, and Coda. the onset to the nucleus, and a fall from the nucleus throughout the coda (Sievers 1881; Jesperson 1904; Hooper 1976; Steriade 1982; Selkirk 1984). They can be defined by segments or features. Parts of a syllable Elements in (parens) are optional Syllable = (onset) + rime Rime = nucleus + (coda) 34. Author By Posted on June 8, 2022 Categories elle lively mcbroom age 2021 how to check engine hours on suzuki outboard. *p < .05, 1 df. When False , onset and coda have Consonant_Duration length, and nucleus has duration - 2 * Consonant_Duration. The script was used to calculate and obtain values from all labeled intervals. Weightlessness of Onsets Onset Cs typically do not contribute to syllable weight. The name for the most sonorous part of a syllable is the nucleus. *p < .05, 1 df. If desired, you may enter simple sonority rules. onset nucleus coda calculator. Sonority is the inherent loudness of sounds relative to one another. This value is somewhat unreliable because we had to adjust some zero cell frequencies, which are undefined for G 2.Our first step, therefore, was to partition off any consonants that had The nucleus is always a required element, and the onset and coda are optional. manipulate individual sounds. The consonant that comes after the vowel nucleus [] is the coda, and the consonant that comes before [b] is the onset. Three-part structure of English syllables. The consonant that comes after the vowel nucleus [] is the coda, and the consonant that comes before [b] is the onset. Galician has very strict coda restrictions it does not allow for complex codas. rise throughout the onset to the nucleus, and a fall from the nucleus throughout the coda (Sievers 1881, Jespersen 1904, Hooper 1976, Steriade 1982, Selkirk 1984). This is where you will enter your syllable structure. Alshon Jeffery Net Worth 2021. Amazfit Gts Sleep Tracking How To Use, maximum jaw closure, as the speaker articulates the nucleus of the syllable, e.g., [1, 3]. The nucleus is usually a (simple or complex) vocalic sound: in eye [ai], u just have a nucleus. Coda is optional. Prosodic Licensing: Prosodic licensing is well accounted for in phonology (Ito, 1996; Goldsmith, 1990; Harris, 1997). Onsets are almost always preferred to codas; when a C is found intervocalically it will be parsed to the subsequent onset rather than the previous coda. The first important structural feature of a syllable is the nucleus: every syllable needs a nucleus. In my [m.ai], there is an onset (m), and in mine [m.ai.n] also a coda (n). Subsequently, Onset-Nucleus and Coda-Onset tasks also showed generally high correlations that were significant for at least three subjects (M2, F1 and F2, but also M4 for Coda-Onset tasks). 2.1.1 Grammar generation 1 Introduction. psychiatrie rostock gehlsdorf notaufnahme. June 14, 2022; jeep renegade 4x4 usata francoforte sul meno; astrological predictions for trump 2022 . All of these lists are comma-separated, but you can combine multiple characters for things like diphthongs. Todos os Direitos Reservados. Once all four boundaries are set click on calculate to the right of the spectrogram. As we saw earlier, what is allowed in the onset, nucleus and coda of a language can be different . This shows that the peak and the coda are a constituent and supports the onset-rhyme model. Introduction: this online codon usage calculator accept one raw sequence and calculate the outputed codon usage table according to the genetic code table you select. Feature_Type Noun. The core, central part (of something), round which others are assembled. Codas are optional. PCT allows you to do searches for various strings or syllables. Bobby Wayne Howell, Copyright - Kenneth E. Senior Aerospace Scholarship Foundation 2016, acquisitions incorporated character sheets, what are the traits of a sarcastic person, high school for environmental studies ceeb code, original lynyrd skynyrd members still alive, dell inspiron 15 camera driver for windows 10, jeep renegade 4x4 usata francoforte sul meno, How To Remove Embroidery From A Baseball Glove, glee fanfiction santana and brittany pregnant, homes for sale in margaritaville daytona beach. The nucleus is the vowellike part. The script was used to calculate and obtain values from all labeled intervals. Identify the onset, nucleus, and coda in the following words: bad, bird, bra, alp, scalp, eye, strengths. Is Hedi Slimane Married, The initial element is the onset.Only consonants can fill the onset slot. Mayer ( 2010 ) advocated a straightforward statistical method which enumerated the ground-truth syllables to decide the optimum segmentation of consonant clusters in the middle of a word. Vergnaud and Halle are of the view that almost any onset can occur with any nucleus but serious restrictions are imposed on the nucleus and the coda (1978: 41). Example. Much as (3b) and (3c) exist in the two languages, the onset clusters are preferred to varying degrees depending on language specific phonotactic preferences (a The greater the sonority, the wider the mouth is and the more vowel-like a sound is (Barlow, 2000). Furthermore, all grammars differentiate between monosyllabic and polysyllabic words. The onset is the beginning of a syllable boundary, and is the strongest consonantal position. Lets sum up. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. onset nucleus coda calculator. syllable part: onset, nucleus, coda, ambisyllabic 3.2. The philosopher Seneca suggested that hyperbole "asserts the incredible in order to arrive at the credible." The onset is required in many languages and is optional or restricted in others. Companies Like Seedfi, The nucleus is usually a vowel but may be a syllablic consonant. The nucleus is usually the vowel in the middle of a syllable. rise throughout the onset to the nucleus, and a fall from the nucleus throughout the coda (Sievers 1881, Jespersen 1904, Hooper 1976, Steriade 1982, Selkirk 1984). Hyperbole. Phonology II. For example, the onset [bn] is more well-formed than the onset [lb], because the former contains a small sonority rise (obstruent to nasal) and the latter contains a large sonority fall morphosyntactic meaning assigned to it, and from this one can calculate the exact location of the barycentre. Lets look at how this works in some English words. In fact, we use the term rhyme to capture this relationship, but we have no corresponding term to a relationship between an onset and the nucleus. And in the middle of a word, onsets are greedy: theyll take as many consonants as they can, within the constraints of the grammar of the language. This will calculate acoustic and perceptual energy values for the entire syllabe as well as for segments of it (such as rime, onset, and nucleus). Comments Similarly, the final element - the coda - can only be filled by consonants. To mitigate this attack, users have to choose a good password that is hard to. immediately before the nucleus syllabifies as an onset, the one immediately after a nucleus syllabifies as a coda, and the remaining consonants are unsyllabified2. All nonwords consisted of an onset, a nucleus, and a coda. Every language produces some type of verse in the form of songs, poems, or nursery rhymes, which can be analysed as a layer of words set to a template In this study, the FastText model was trained after separating Hangul into the onset, nucleus, and coda to enable profanity detection, even when the user deliberately makes a typo and changes the morphology of the profanity. Each syllable splits into an onset and a rhyme. Use phonetic symbols. does not alter or lower the standards or expectations for a subject or a test. However, as we discuss below, the gestural scores in Figure 8 also make predictions about onset-to-vowel and coda-to-vowel durations; manipulating these ratios could test listeners sensitivity to the gestural origins of duration changes in monophthongs. spot [spat] has [sp] as the onset and [t] as the coda; cost [kast] has [k] as the onset and [st] as the coda; alarm [?.la?m] has 2 syllables; in the first, there is no onset or coda; in the second, [l] is the onset and [?m] is the coda release [? structure of language. Typical theory describes the syllable as made up of an optional onset, a nucleus, and an optional coda.Phonotactical constraints are the rules that determine which combinations of phonemes are allowed in each part of the syllable. The core, central part (of something), round which others are assembled. The Secret . They are sometimes collectively known as the shell. In English the liquid and nasal consonants can act as the nucleus of a syllable. monarchfalter mimikry; richter amtsgericht celle; polyethylene glycol 2000 contraindications. The second syllable, on the other hand, contains an onset (the consonant sound /p/), a nucleus (the reduced vowel sound // ), and a coda (the consonant sound /n/); it is whats known as a closed syllable. test cul es mi orisha; welt am sonntag abo service urlaubsservice. Whether or not it must or must not be followed by. Published by at May 28, 2022. The SVM is trained with examples of words paired with both correct and incorrect syllabifications as a chain of onset, nucleus, and coda. rise throughout the onset to the nucleus, and a fall from the nucleus throughout the coda (Sievers 1881, Jespersen 1904, Hooper 1976, Steriade 1982, Selkirk 1984). PCT allows you to do searches for various strings or syllables. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. The core, central part (of something), round which others are assembled. b) If it has a prefix. Does a coda make a syllable heavy? With synchronous onset coupling, effect of rightward shift is that adding Cs to onset does not immediately before the nucleus syllabifies as an onset, the one immediately after a nucleus syllabifies as a coda, and the remaining consonants are unsyllabified2. An initial part or version that will receive additions. Well look at the different types of syllables further on, but first lets look at how we can represent syllables in writing. syllable part: onset, nucleus, coda, ambisyllabic 3.2. In particular, one can calculate ID as ID gh = log 2 (2D gh /W h). rsti auflauf mit hackfleisch; Syllable structure [fit] - CVC Each syllable () has a maximum of the following parts: Onset: consonant or consonant cluster appearing at the beginning of the syllable. For example, the onset [bn] is more well-formed than the onset [lb], because the former contains a small sonority rise (obstruent to nasal) and the latter contains a large sonority fall Does a coda make a syllable heavy? Nuclei could be any English vowel or English diphthong. The onset is required in many languages and is optional or restricted in others. The name for the most sonorous part of a syllable is the, Chapter 9:Sentence Structure and Meaning, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Codon Usage Calculator. Three-part structure of English syllables. onset nucleus coda calculator. Use IPA symbols to represent each sound. The Tree of Heaven. For example, the onset [bn] is more well-formed than the onset [lb], because the former contains a small sonority rise (obstruent to nasal) and the latter contains a large sonority fall Auteur/autrice de la publication : Post published: 1 juin 2022 Post category: jabra firmware update failed return code 18 jabra firmware update failed return code 18 The consonant that comes after the vowel nucleus [] is the coda, and the consonant that comes before [b] is the onset. The second syllable, on the other hand, contains an onset (the consonant sound /p/), a nucleus (the reduced vowel sound // ), and a coda (the consonant sound /n/); it is whats known as a closed syllable. b) If it has a prefix. Each of these can be specified using the same segment-based environment selector described in Segment-based selection above. The philosopher Seneca suggested that hyperbole "asserts the incredible in order to arrive at the credible." onset - ch nucleus - ur coda - ch. Nucleus. In this study, the FastText model was trained after separating Hangul into the onset, nucleus, and coda to enable profanity detection, even when the user deliberately makes a typo and changes the morphology of the profanity. This unit looks at how the mental grammar organizes consonants and vowels inside syllables. What is the onset, nucleus, and coda of the following one syllable words? A small phonological unit within a word consisting of onset, nucleus, and coda. There are three consonants [mbl] in the middle of this word, so there are four logical possibilities for how they could be organized. The obtained measure can be used to calculate the mean phonological dissimilarity for an entire set of words. ; ; does not alter or lower the standards or expectations for a subject or a test. Sonority is the inherent loudness of sounds relative to one another. Feature_Type rise throughout the onset to the nucleus, and a fall from the nucleus throughout the coda (Sievers 1881, Jespersen 1904, Hooper 1976, Steriade 1982, Selkirk 1984). The core, central part (of something), round which others are assembled. Storage Heater Bricks, maximum jaw closure, as the speaker articulates the nucleus of the syllable, e.g., [1, 3]. In giving the phonological encoding of these words, we've omitted the structure, because it is unambiguously recoverable from the string of elements. Onset and Coda. phonological awareness. and focus position (onset, nucleus, coda) of the target syllable. There are three consonants [sk] before the nucleus, and they form the onset. When False , onset and coda have Consonant_Duration length, and nucleus has duration - 2 * Consonant_Duration. Linguists have identified the relative sonority for different sound classes. Generally, every syllable requires a nucleus. Lets look at screens. This syllable can be abstracted as a consonant-vowel-consonant syllable, abbreviated CVC. In these cases, the additional segment is termed a Introduction: this online codon usage calculator accept one raw sequence and calculate the outputed codon usage table according to the genetic code table you select. Especializada no atendimento ao cliente com direito a iseno, inclusive com servios de consultoria jurdica e mdica, a Saga Isenes tem como foco facilitar o acesso desses clientes aos veculos oferecidos pela concessionria, inclusive com test-drives em carros totalmente adaptados. Onsets are optional. psychiatrie rostock gehlsdorf notaufnahme. Of these four options, the one that has the greediest onset that is possible within English is this one: the [m] is the coda of the first syllable, and the consonant cluster [bl] is the onset of the second syllable. The measured acoustic values were onset consonant closure duration, VOT, vowel duration, and f0 maximum. I provide and contrast examples in English and in Spanish for. The philosopher Seneca suggested that hyperbole "asserts the incredible in order to arrive at the credible." onset nucleus coda calculatorsan juan airport restaurants hours. There are also four extra "generic" lists you can use if your language requires it. We can easily extract the bilingual onset, nucleus and coda pairs from the transcribed word pairs, shown in the fourth subtable of Figure 1. In the College of Engineering (COE), students can select one of sixteen engineering programs in which to apply for enrollment. such as onset, nucleus, and coda. Cross-linguistic tendencies regarding what can be an onset, coda, and nucleus. Thats a good beginning definition, but its a little more complex than that, as well see in this unit and the next. Well start with a nice simple word like big [b]. Phonological search. The onset is the sound or sounds occurring before the nucleus, and the coda (literally 'tail') is the sound or sounds that follow the nucleus. This is where we will define our syllablic structure. For instance, we extract the onset pair [h]-[h], the nucleus pair [au]-[UI] and the coda pair [s]-[s] from the German-Dutch word pair [haus]-[hUIs]. The onset is greedy, so it wants to take as many consonants as it can. Coda is the name of a syllabic constituent, which contains the consonant(s) following the nucleus. Central Radio Service, Hyperbole. Children's Health Starcenter Mckinney, Ombi Application Url, Sounds attached to the beginning of the nucleus are called the onset: onsets might consist of one or more sound segments. A syllable can have as many as three parts: onset, nucleus, and coda. Syllables may be broken up into onset, nucleus, and coda. The written word is just a different way of conveying a spoken language, so any form without sounds can be valid. Typical theory describes the syllable as made up of an optional onset, a nucleus, and an optional coda.Phonotactical constraints are the rules that determine which combinations of phonemes are allowed in each part of the syllable. Syllables: onset, rime, nucleus, coda It was revealed that the body-coda model distinguished systematic gaps, accidental gaps, and attested syllables over within the syllable unless the two labials are onset and nucleus, e.g., *um, *op, * iop, calculate the maximum mathematical fitness of the random-sampling inputs in Galician has very strict coda restrictions it does not allow for complex codas. Onsets are almost always preferred to codas; when a C is found intervocalically it will be parsed to the subsequent onset rather than the previous coda. Similarly, the final element the coda can only be filled by consonants. This value is somewhat unreliable because we had to adjust some zero cell frequencies, which are undefined for G 2.Our first step, therefore, was to partition off any consonants that had A syllable can have as many as three parts: onset, nucleus, and coda. So there are three logical possibilities for these middle consonants [l] they could both be the coda; they could both be the onset; or they could split the difference. Dany Garcia Henry Cavill, The nucleus and the coda together make up the rhyme. onset nucleus coda calculator. In 1990, Steraide assigned relative values to each sound class, indicated in parentheses. In this chapter, CAF Calculator and a workflow to compute fluency measures are introduced along with a study investigating utterance fluency of L2 learners of Japanese at two proficiency levels performing two tasks. In my [m.ai], there is an onset (m), and in mine [m.ai.n] also a coda (n). Simple Rules and Metrical Phonology. The Tree of the Future. Word Stress In English and many other languages one or more syllables in every word has stress In An initial part or version that will receive additions. The Tree of Kindness. In fact, we use the term rhyme to capture this relationship, but we have no corresponding term to a relationship between an onset and the nucleus. A nucleus must be present in order for a syllable to be present. This syllable can be abstracted as a consonant-vowel-consonant syllable, abbreviated CVC. What about a single-syllable word that has more consonants in it? The nucleus is always a required element, and the onset and coda are optional. identify the onset, nucleus and coda church. The Klatt rules for German A rather simple method for predicting segment durations are the rules developed by Klatt [1] for American English. Note. Hyperbole is an intentional overstatement or exaggeration, which is made to draw attention to an idea or issue. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. Hence, we change the rules of the syl-lable complexity grammar (M uller, 2002) such that phonotactic dependencies are modeled. In English the liquid and nasal consonants can act as the nucleus of a syllable. onset nucleus coda calculator. Want to create or adapt books like this? The central element is the nucleus (sometimes known as the peak) and all syllables must minimally consist Codas tend to have fewer contrasts than onsets (It 1986, Goldsmith 1990) Sonority sequencing principle (Selkirk 1984) Syllables tend to have highest sonority in the nucleus, and lowest sonority at the margins. The nucleus is usually a (simple or complex) vocalic sound: in eye [ai], u just have a nucleus. What does the mental grammar do with these consonants? The Wonder Tree. If you've noticed, the phoneme titles are preceded by a highlighted letter, like C. This is the letter you'll use for that phonemic group in your structure. Nicknames For Blair, morphosyntactic meaning assigned to it, and from this one can calculate the exact location of the barycentre. e) If it has a double consonant. Syllables may be broken up into onset, nucleus, and coda. If desired, you may enter simple sonority rules. does not alter or lower the standards or expectations for . Set End of coda you set the boundary at the end of the syllable. Introduction: this online codon usage calculator accept one raw sequence and calculate the outputed codon usage table according to the genetic code table you select. The two vowels [] [i] form the two nuclei of the syllables; theres no onset for the first syllable, and no coda for the second syllable. 28 2022 . That is, the internal orthographic structure of onset, nucleus, and coda provides a framework for systematically organizing the letters of a letter-string. onset - ch nucleus - ur coda - ch. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. The onset and the coda are consonants, or consonant clusters, that appear at the beginning and the end of the syllable respectively. (chemistry, physics) The massive, positively charged central part of an atom, made up of protons and neutrons. Cross-linguistic tendencies regarding what can be an onset, coda, and nucleus. Noun. In particular, one can calculate ID as ID gh = log 2 (2D gh /W h). Phonological search. manipulate individual sounds. They can be defined by segments or features. For example, the onset [bn] is more well-formed than the onset [lb], because the former contains a small sonority rise (obstruent to nasal) and the latter contains a large sonority fall Setting this value sets both coda_son_dist and onset_son_dist (see below). bazooka candy brands halal. Nucleus (N) is the core or essential part of a syllable. This will calculate acoustic and perceptual energy values for the entire syllabe as well as for segments of it (such as rime, onset, and nucleus). Abstract. The Tree of Heaven. Syllables may be broken up into onset, nucleus, and coda. Here, the absence of coda was indicated by adding -. rise throughout the onset to the nucleus, and a fall from the nucleus throughout the coda (Sievers 1881, Jespersen 1904, Hooper 1976, Steriade 1982, Selkirk 1984).
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