[12] The fourth site also from the same period is the tztal of the Italian Alps where the mummified remains of tzi the Iceman were discovered. Basically, haplogroups refer to organisms that have a common ancestor, identified by studying the nucleotide and mitochondrial mutations in cells. [5] Cinnioglu et al. The Caucasus as an asymmetric semipermeable barrier to ancient human migrations. Origin and Migrations of Haplogroup G-M201 The first man to carry haplogroup G-M201 likely lived in southwestern Asia or the Caucasus between 46,000 and 54,000 years ago. Lacan M, Keyser C, Ricaut FX et al. Internet Explorer). A separate study on the Argyns found that 71% of males belong to G1. Amongst the Madjars, G1 was found at a rate of 87%. In Wales, a distinctive G2a3b1 type (DYS388=13 and DYS594=11) dominates there and pushes the G percentage of the population higher than in England. Notably no basal G-M201*, Page94*(xM285, P287) chromosomes were detected in our data set. Hg G also occurs at frequencies ranging from 5 to 15% in both the rest of Near/Middle East and southern European countries (especially Italy and Greece), with a decreasing frequency gradient towards the Balkans and northern Europe. Capelli C, Brisighelli F, Scarnicci F et al. Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4). Whereas the presence of Mideastern mtDNA in Tuscany43 supports the model of early Iron Age migrants from Anatolia (putative Etruscans) colonizing Central Italy,44 the occurrence of the G2a3b1c-L497 lineage in Italy is most likely associated to migratory flows from the north. [citation needed] These Neolithic European were descendants of Neolithic farmers from Anatolia, among some of the earliest peoples in the world to practice agriculture. The Y-chromosomal haplogroup G (hg G) is currently defined as one of the 20 standard haplogroups comprising the global Y-chromosome phylogeny.1 The phylogeographic demarcation zone of hg G is largely restricted to populations of the Caucasus and the Near/Middle East and southern Europe. Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations. In Russia, Ukraine and Central Asia, members of various ethnic minorities and/or residents in particular localities possess G-M201 at its highest levels in the world even though the average rate at the national level is about 1% or less. The International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) maintains the most up-to-date consensus version of haplogroup categories. In Lebanon, however, G accounts for 6.5% of the population and in Iran to around 10%. Geographic spread patterns of the P303-derived groups defined by L497, U1 and P15(xP303)-derived P16 and M406 lineages, all of which achieve a peak frequency of at least 10%, are presented in Figures 2bf, respectively. It was found with burial artifacts belonging to the Linearbandkeramische Kultur ("Linear Band Ceramic Culture"; LBK). Russ J Genet 2004; 40: 326331. This skeleton could not be dated by radiocarbon dating, but other skeletons there were dated to between 5,100 and 6,100 years old. This video explains the migration route of Y-chromosome haplogroup G and the countries where it can be found today. The identification of a new SNP can necessitate renaming of one or more categories. Haplogroup K2a (M2308) and its primary subclade K-M2313 were separated from Haplogroup NO (F549) in 2016. Should any man with the P15 mutation test negative (ancestral) for any of these or vice versa, that finding would be the basis of a new G2a category. Sengupta S, Zhivotovsky LA, King R et al. But a high percentage of U1 men belong to its two subclades, G-L13/S13 and Z1266 (G2a3b1a1b). Am J Hum Genet 2012; 90: 573. In the G2a3b-P303 network (Figure 4), there are several region-specific clusters, indicating a considerable history for this SNP. While it is found in percentages higher than 10% among the Bakhtiari, Talysh people, Gilaki, Mazandarani and Iranian Azeris, it is closer to 5% among the Iranian Arabs and in some large cities. Semino O, Magri C, Benuzzi G, Lin AA, Al-Zahery N, et al. Moreover, the accuracy and validity of the evolutionary rate has been independently confirmed in several deep-rooted Hutterite pedigrees.34 Furthermore pedigree rate-based estimates cannot be substantiated, as they are often inconsistent with dateable archeological knowledge, for example, as clearly illustrated regarding the peopling of the Americas.35 Coalescent times based on 10 STR loci (DYS19, DYS388, DYS389I, DYS389b, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS439, DYS461-TAGA counts) and the median haplotypes of specific hg G sub-haplogroups are presented in Supplementary Table S4. Google Scholar. We estimate that the geographic origin of hg G plausibly locates somewhere nearby eastern Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran. An assessment of the Y-chromosome phylogeography-based proposal that the spread of G2a-L497 chromosomes originated from Central Europe could be achieved by typing this SNP in the Holocene period human remains from Germany31 as well as those from France and Spain.45, 46 Certainly, Y chromosome represents only a small part of human genome and any population-level interpretation of gene flow in this region would have to be supported by genome-wide evidence. It is a branch of Haplogroup F (M89), and is theorized to have originated, according to the latest thinking, in the Near East or Southern Asia, likely in the region that is now northern India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. Y-chromosomal diversity in Lebanon is structured by recent historical events. The L293 SNP that characterizes a third subclade was identified in June 2010 at Family Tree DNA. It is notable that tzi the 5300-year-old Alpine mummy was derived for the L91 SNP and his autosomal affinity was nearest to modern Sardinians.28, The G2a2-M286 lineage is very rare, so far detected only in some individuals in Anatolia and the South Caucasus. The phylogenetic relationships of the various sub-haplogroups investigated are shown in Figure 1. The fragments were run on the ABI PRISM 3130xl Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems). Balanovsky O, Rootsi S, Pshenichnov A et al. Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in Southeast Europe. There are multiple SNPs which so far have the same coverage as P15. Haplogroup G is a branch on the maternal tree of human kind. The discovery of new SNPs can result in assignment of new names to haplogroup categories. The Network 4.6.0.0 (Fluxus-Engineering) program was used (median-joining algorithm and the post-processing option). Haplogroup G2a2b is a rare group today in Europe. Spallanzani, Universit di Pavia, Pavia, Italy, Viola Grugni,Vincenza Battaglia,Carmela Nici,Francesca Crobu,Sena Karachanak,Baharak Hooshiar Kashani&Ornella Semino, Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran, Istituto di Genetica Molecolare Centro Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pavia, Italy, Centro Interdipartimentale Studi di Genere, Universit di Pavia, Pavia, Italy, Unit Mixte de Recherche 6578, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and Etablissement Franais du Sang, Biocultural Anthropology, Medical Faculty, Universit de la Mditerrane, Marseille, France, Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia, Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA, You can also search for this author in Ashkenazi Jewish G2a1a men with northeastern European ancestry form a distinct cluster based on STR marker values. Kayser M, Caglia A, Corach D et al. Another notable feature is its uneven distribution. Drawing the history of the Hutterite population on a genetic landscape: inference from Y-chromosome and mtDNA genotypes. L223 is found on the Y chromosome at rs810801 and 6405148 with a mutation from C to G. L223 was first identified in samples at 23andMe in 2009 but proved problematic as an individual test, the first successful results being reported at Family Tree DNA in late 2011 under its assigned L223 label. The extreme rarity of G-M377 in northern Pakistan could indicate that G2b in this area originates outside the region and was brought there in the historic period, perhaps from further west (Pakistan was part of both the Achaemenid Persian Empire, conquered by Alexander the Great, and then formed a part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom). Principal component analysis based on G sub-haplogroup frequencies was performed using the freeware POPSTR program (http://harpending.humanevo.utah.edu/popstr/). Mitochondrial haplogroup N is a "Macro-haplogroup", also called a "Superhaplogroup." All humans who left Africa descended from mtDNA haplogroup L3, and that ancient lineage soon gave rise to two great daughter families, M and N, which, in turn, became the mothers of billions. In north-eastern Croatia, in the town of Osijek, G was found in 14% of the males. PubMed For the human mtDNA haplogroup, see. [21] In a study of 936 Indians, haplogroup G made up less than 1% of the sample and was completely absent in the tested Northwestern Indian population. Semino et al. Semino O, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Falaschi F, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA : Ethiopians and Khoisan share the deepest clades of the human Y-chromosome phylogeny. In the Russian North Caucasus the Kabardinian and Ossetian populations are also notable for high rates of G-M201. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 5061. In Europeexcept in Italy G2a2b1 constitutes less than 20% of G samples. There are seeming pockets of unusual concentrations within Europe. A more compact cluster of Near/Middle Eastern samples is also resolved in the network. Am J Hum Genet 2007; 80: 759768. Although the low frequency of hg G1-M285 makes it impractical to justify displaying a spatial frequency map, it is found (Supplementary Table S1) in the Near/Middle East including Anatolia, the Arabian Peninsula and Persian Gulf region, as well as Iran and the South Caucasus (mostly Armenians). Y-DNA haplogroups are useful to determine whether two apparently unrelated individuals sharing the same surname do indeed descend from a common ancestor in a not too distant past (3 to 20 generations). There were only a few G categories until 2008 when major revisions to categories were made. Science 2000; 290: 11551159. Sims LM, Garvey D, Ballantyne J : Improved resolution haplogroup G phylogeny in the Y chromosome, revealed by a set of newly characterized SNPs. Cinnioglu C, King R, Kivisild T et al. Nasidze I, Quinque D, Dupanloup I et al. Specifically, we intersected these criteria by applying the following filters. Y chromosome genetic variation in the Italian peninsula is clinal and supports an admixture model for the Mesolithic-Neolithic encounter. Haplogroup G (M201) is a human Y-chromosome haplogroup. The mutation involves a change from C to T.[citation needed] L223 is found on the Y chromosome at rs13304806. Ancient DNA from European early neolithic farmers reveals their near eastern affinities. In Turkey, the South Caucasus and Iran, haplogroup G reaches the highest percentage of national populations. The frequency pattern and the microsatellite network of E-M2(xM191) indicate a West African origin followed by expansion, a result that is in agreement with the findings of Cruciani et al. In contrast to its widely dispersed sister clade defined by P303, hg G-M406 has a peak frequency in Cappadocia, Mediterranean Anatolia and Central Anatolia (67%) and it is not detected in most other regions with considerable P303 frequency. Interestingly, the L30 SNP, phylogenetically equivalent to M485, M547 and U8, was detected in an approximately 7000-year-old Neolithic specimen from Germany, although this ancient DNA sample was not resolved further to additional sub-clade levels.39. Battaglia V, Fornarino S, Al-Zahery N et al. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18: 463470. [23] About 6% of the samples from Sri Lanka and Malaysia were reported as haplogroup G, but none were found in the other coastal lands of the Indian Ocean or Pacific Ocean in Asia. [26][27] Among the Druze mostly residents of Israel 10% were found to be haplogroup G.[28], Around 10% of Jewish males are Haplogroup G.[citation needed], In Africa, haplogroup G is rarely found in sub-Saharan Africa or south of the horn of Africa among native populations. Distribution. Haplogroup G, together with J2 clades, has been associated with the spread of agriculture, especially in the European context. Specifications for most markers have been previously reported,1, 17, 28 ISOGG 2011 (http://www.isogg.org/tree/). The highest frequencies of haplogroup G appear in the Caucasus region; however it also shows significant frequencies in the Mediterranean areas and the Middle East [69,70]. The G-L13 subclade is most common in north central Europe, and G-Z1266 is most common in the western Caucasus Mountains. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 10231034. Two additional markers, DYS38829, 30 and DYS46131 were typed separately. Eur J Hum Genet 2008; 16: 374386. The results were analyzed using the ABI PRISM program GeneMapper 4.0 (Applied Biosystems). If a sample meets the criteria indicated for these three markers, it is likely the sample is G2a2b1. Balanovsky O, Dibirova K, Dybo A et al. A plot of the sub-clades included in the principal component analysis (Figure 3b) indicates that the clustering of the populations from NW Caucasus is due to their U1* frequency, whereas L497 lineages account for the separation of central Europeans. [44] The "U" SNPs were identified in 2006 but not published until 2009.[45]. The 96 populations were collapsed into 50 regionally defined populations by excluding populations where the total G count was less than n=5. The presence of the SNP P18 mutation characterizes G2a1a's only subclade, G2a1a. Haplogroup G1 is a primary subclade of haplogroup G . Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Semino et al. They arewith accompanying Y-chromosome locationsU5 (rs2178500), L149 (8486380) and L31 (also called S149) (rs35617575..12538148). Croat Med J 2005; 46: 502513. Y-chromosome lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Acores record elements of Sephardim and Berber ancestry. Although hg G1 frequency distribution, overall, extends further eastward as far as Central Asian Kazakhs (present even among Altaian Kazakhs38 with identical STR haplotypes compared with the main Kazakh population), it is virtually absent in Europe. The double 19 value situation is not seen in the G2a1 and G2a3 subclades. Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M et al. (a)(f) Spatial frequency maps of haplogroup G (hg G) and its sub-clades with frequencies over 10%. G2a2b2a is also found in India. It has been found in Mexican mestizos. Haak W, Balanovsky O, Sanchez JJ et al. No clinal patterns were detected suggesting that the distributions are rather indicative of isolation by distance and demographic complexities. (2004) suggested the mutation took place only 9,500 years ago. Furthermore, markers Page94, U5, U8 and L30 were typed in contextually appropriate samples to establish the position of the five new markers within the phylogeny. In the Tirol (Tyrol) of western Austria, the percentage of G-M201 can reach 40% or more; perhaps the most famous example is the ancient remains of the so-called "Iceman", tzi. Conversely, hg G is present in Northeast Caucasus only at an average frequency of 5% (range 019%). The most detailed SNP mutation identified was S126 (L30), which defines G2a3.[11]. Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosome Variation Provides Evidence for a Recent Common Ancestry between Native Americans and Indigenous Altaians. [39], Haplogroup G-M377 has been found at a frequency of 60% out of a sample of five Pashtuns in the Wardak region of Afghanistan. Then we applied a 10% overall hg G frequency threshold and the additional specification that both haplogroup G1 and G2 lineages also be present. In order to determine if one of these alternative SNPs represents a subclade of M201, the alternative SNPs must be tested in G persons who are negative for the known subclades of G. There are only a tiny number of persons in such a category, and only a tiny number of persons have been tested for G equivalent SNPs other than M201. The members of G-PF3359 are probably smaller in number than men included in G-P303, but only a small amount of testing has occurred for the relevant mutations. Hum Genet 2004; 114: 127148. OS thanks the Italian Ministry of the University: Progetti Ricerca Interesse Nazionale 2009 and FIRB-Futuro in Ricerca 2008 and Fondazione Alma Mater Ticinensins. The corresponding coalescent estimate for M377 is 5600 years ago (Supplementary Table S4). Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic. Peter A Underhill. [15] Among the samples in the YHRD database from the southern Caucasus countries, 29% of the samples from Abazinia, 31% from Georgia, 2% from Azerbaijan and 18% from Armenia appear to be G samples. Ancient DNA reveals male diffusion through the Neolithic Mediterranean route. Among Jews in Israel drawn from many areas of the world, G-M377 constituted 3.7% in one study. Spatial frequency maps for hg G sub-clades that attained 10% frequency in at least one population were obtained by applying the haplogroup frequencies from Supplementary Table S1. It was then learned that several subclades belong under L223, including: G-L91 was identified in 2009. Slider with three articles shown per slide. Although M527 frequency (Supplementary Table S1) is relatively low (16%), its phylogeographic distribution in regions such as southern Italy, Ukraine and the Levant (Druze and Palestinians) often coincides with areas associated with the Neolithic and post-Neolithic expansions into the Greek Aegean beginning approximately 7000 years ago.41 The expansion time (Td) of M527 is 71002300 years ago and is consistent with a Middle to Late Neolithic expansion of M527 in the Aegean. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Genomics 1999; 57: 433437. Farther north, 8% of ethnic Hungarian males and 5.1% of ethnic Bohemian (Czech) males have been found to belong to Haplogroup G. In South Asia, some ethnic minorities possess haplogroup G at concentrations of approximately 18%[21] to 20%[22] of Kalash, approximately 16% of Brahui,[22] and approximately 11.5% of sampled Pashtun,[21] but in only about 3% of the general Pakistani population. (2000) suggested 17,000 years ago. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 72: 313332. Semino O, Magri C, Benuzzi G et al. The first principal component separates the populations of the Caucasus from those of Europe, with the Near/Middle Eastern populations being intermediate (Figure 3a). To obtain The British samples have inconsistent double values for STR marker DYS19 in many cases. Zalloua PA, Xue Y, Khalife J et al. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 82: 236250. The South Ossetians and Svans generally south of North Ossetia have significant number of G2a1 persons, but population percentages have not yet been provided. These patterns have been related to different migratory events and demographic processes.2, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16. JD and JC were supported by ANR program AFGHAPOP No BLAN07-9_222301. Haplogroup H "[3], Previously the National Geographic Society placed its origins in the Middle East 30,000 years ago and presumes that people carrying the haplogroup took part in the spread of the Neolithic. Parallel evolution of genes and languages in the Caucasus region. Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography. Men who belong to this group but are negative for all its subclades represent a small number today. Two sources of the Russian patrilineal heritage in their Eurasian context. Mol Biol Evol 2006; 23: 22682270. In descending order, G-P303 is additionally a branch of G2 (P287), G2a (P15), G2a2, G2a2b, G2a2b2, and finally G2a2b2a. Eur J Hum Genet 2004; 12: 855863. To accommodate for variability in sample sizes and hg G content, haplogroup diversity was calculated using the method of Nei37 only in the 52 instances when total population sample size exceeded 50 individuals and 5hg G chromosomes were observed. In the Near/Middle East, the highest P303 frequency is detected among Palestinians (17.8%), whereas in Europe the frequency does not exceed 6%. First, we calculated haplogroup diversity using data in Supplementary Table S1 for the 52 instances when total population sample size exceeded 50 individuals and 5hg G chromosomes were observed. The most commonly occurring subclades are G1* (M285) and many subclades of G2 (G-P287), especially: G2a (P15), G2a1 (G-FGC7535, formerly G-L293), G2a2b2a (G-P303) formerly G2a3b1); G2a2b1 (G-M406) formerly G2a3a; G2a2b2a1 (G-L140) formerly G2a3b1a; G2a2b2a1a1b (G-L497) formerly G2a3b1a2; G2a2b2a1a1a1 (G-L13) formerly G2a3b1a1a; G2a2b2a1a1c1a (G-CTS5990 or G-Z1903) formerly G2a3b1a3; G2b (G-M3115) and; G2b1 (G-M377), formerly G2b. Hammer MF, Behar DM, Karafet TM et al. The presence of M527 in Provence, southern Italy and Ukraine may reflect subsequent Greek maritime Iron Age colonization events16 and perhaps, given its appearance among the Druze and Palestinians, even episodes associated with the enigmatic marauding Sea Peoples.42. Here we address this issue with a phylogeographic overview of the distribution of informative G sub-clades from South/Mediterranean Europe, Near/Middle East, the Caucasus and Central/South Asia.
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